Which of the following are considered performance-enhancing drugs?

Anabolic steroids are considered performance-enhancing drugs because they are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a male sex hormone. These substances are used primarily to promote muscle growth, increase strength, and enhance athletic performance. Athletes and bodybuilders may misuse anabolic steroids to gain a competitive edge, as they can accelerate recovery times and improve overall physical capabilities.

By contrast, vitamins, protein powders, and meal replacement shakes are generally viewed as nutritional supplements rather than performance enhancers. While these items can support overall health and fitness—providing essential nutrients, aiding muscle recovery, and assisting in meeting dietary goals—they do not have the same physiological effects on muscle growth and performance as anabolic steroids do.